英语入门
Lesson 1.1 – Introduction to English
这节课不要求你马上记住所有规则。它会先帮你看懂英语的“地图”：英语的声音、拼写和句子是怎样组织起来的，以及它和中文哪里相同、哪里不同。
You do not need to remember every rule immediately. This lesson gives you a map of English: how its sounds, spelling and sentences work, and where English and Mandarin are similar or different.
学完这节课，你会明白 What you will understand
英语怎样写出来 How written English works
中文用汉字。一个汉字通常和意义有关，也代表一个音节。英语使用26（二十六）个字母。每个字母有大写和小写两种形式。字母组合成单词，单词之间要留空格。
Mandarin uses characters. A character is usually connected to meaning and represents one syllable. English uses 26 letters. Each letter has an uppercase and lowercase form. Letters combine to make words, and spaces separate the words.
一个汉字，一个音节，意思是“flower”。
One character, one syllable, meaning “flower”.
六个字母组合成一个词。
Six letters combine to make one word.
Every letter has an uppercase and lowercase form.
English uses spaces between words. Mandarin normally does not separate every word this way.
The first letter of a sentence and people’s names normally use a capital letter.
A full stop ends a statement; a question mark ends a question.
Sunny喜欢花。
Sunny likes flowers.
请注意大写字母、三个单词之间的空格和最后的句号。Notice the capital letter, the spaces between the three words and the full stop.
英语：he = 他
he
拼音：hē = 喝
hē
中文声调和英语语调 Mandarin tones and English intonation
普通话是声调语言。一个音节的声调变了，词义可能也会改变。
Mandarin is a tonal language. Changing the tone of a syllable can change the word’s meaning.
英语不是声调语言。单词不会因为你把声音说高一点或低一点就自动变成另一个单词。但是英语会让整句话的声音上扬或下降，这叫语调（intonation）。语调可以表示问题、肯定、惊讶、怀疑或态度。
English is not a tonal language. A word does not normally become a different word just because your pitch is higher or lower. English does move the pitch of a whole sentence up or down. This is called intonation, and it can show a question, certainty, surprise, doubt or attitude.
你准备好了。
You’re ready.
声音通常在结尾下降：这是一个陈述。The voice usually falls: this is a statement.
你准备好了吗？
You’re ready?
声音在结尾上扬：说话人正在确认。The voice rises: the speaker is checking or confirming.
拼写不同，发音相同 Different spelling, the same sound
英语里有些词拼写不同、意思不同，但是发音相同。这些词叫同音词（homophones）。你需要通过句子的意思来判断是哪一个词。
Some English words have different spellings and meanings but the same pronunciation. These are called homophones. The sentence meaning tells you which word is being used.
flower 花 = flour 面粉
这朵花很漂亮。
This flower is beautiful.
我们需要面粉来做面包。
We need flour to make bread.
right 右边/正确 = write 写
向右转。
Turn right.
写下你的名字。
Write your name.
two 二 · too 也/太 · to 到/去/用于不定式
我有两朵玫瑰。
I have two roses.
我也喜欢玫瑰。
I like roses too.
我要去上班。
I am going to work.
注意：two 和 too 通常完全同音。to 单独重读时可以同音，但在自然句子里经常弱读成较短的 /tə/。
Note: two and too are normally exact homophones. Stressed to can sound the same, but in natural speech it is often reduced to a shorter /tə/.
还有相反的情况：拼写相同，发音不同 The opposite can also happen: the same spelling, different sounds
单词 read 在现在时读起来像“reed”，在过去时读起来像“red”，但是拼写完全相同。你需要看时间和句子意思。
The word read sounds like “reed” in the present and “red” in the past, although the spelling is identical. Time and sentence meaning tell you the pronunciation.
我每天读书。（现在；read 发音像 reed）
I read every day. read = “reed” /riːd/
我昨天读了它。（过去；read 发音像 red）
I read it yesterday. read = “red” /red/
英语受到很多语言的影响 English has been shaped by many languages
英语不是从一种来源简单形成的。它有日耳曼语的基础，也受到古诺斯语、法语、拉丁语、希腊语等语言的强烈影响，后来还从世界各地吸收了词汇。
English did not develop from only one source. It has a Germanic foundation, was strongly influenced by Old Norse, French, Latin and Greek, and later borrowed vocabulary from languages around the world.
这就是为什么英语有很多拼写方式、相似词和不规则形式。不要期待每个词都完全按照同一条规则发音。
This helps explain why English has varied spellings, many near-synonyms and irregular forms. Do not expect every word to follow exactly the same sound rule.
Germanic foundations
Old Norse influence
French influence
Greek and Latin roots
句子结构：有些相同，有些不同 Sentence structure: some similarities and some differences
好消息是，英语和中文的基本陈述句经常都使用“主语＋动词＋宾语”。
The good news is that basic statements in English and Mandarin often both use Subject + Verb + Object.
我 喜欢 玫瑰。
I like roses.
时间的位置 Position of time words
中文通常把时间放在动词前面。英语经常把时间放在句尾，也可以为了强调放在句首。
Mandarin usually puts time before the verb. English often puts time at the end, although it can go first for emphasis.
我明天去上班。
I will go to work tomorrow.
动词和时间 Verbs and time
英语动词经常会改变形式来表示时间。中文动词通常不这样变化，而是用时间词、了、过等来表达。
English verbs often change form to show time. Mandarin verbs usually stay unchanged and use time words or markers such as 了 and 过.
我昨天喝了茶。
I drank tea yesterday.
一般疑问句 Yes/no questions
中文经常在句尾加“吗”。英语经常需要把助动词放到主语前面，例如 do、does、did、are 或 can。在这里，do 主要帮助组成问题，不要逐字翻译。
Mandarin often adds 吗 at the end. English often moves or adds a helping verb before the subject, such as do, does, did, are or can. Here, do mainly helps form the question; do not translate it word by word.
你喜欢玫瑰吗？
Do you like roses?
形容词句 Adjective sentences
英语通常需要 be 动词（am、is、are）。中文形容词前面通常不用“是”，常用“很”来使句子自然。
English normally needs a form of be (am, is, are). Mandarin normally does not put 是 before an adjective and often uses 很 to make the sentence natural.
这朵花很漂亮。
This flower is beautiful.
冠词、复数和量词 Articles, plurals and measure words
英语常用 a、an、the，并给可数名词加复数词尾。a/an 通常表示“一个、还没特别指定的”；the 通常表示双方知道的那个。中文没有完全对应的词，但数词和名词之间通常需要量词。
English commonly uses a, an and the, and adds plural endings to countable nouns. A/an usually means one not-yet-specific thing; the usually points to the particular one both people can identify. Mandarin has no exact equivalent, but usually needs a measure word between a number and a noun.
我买了一朵花。/ 我买了三朵花。
I bought a flower. / I bought three flowers.
主语不能随便省略 The subject is usually required
中文在意思清楚时常常省略“我、你、他”。英语完整句子通常需要明确的主语。
Mandarin often omits I, you or he/she when the meaning is clear. A complete English sentence usually needs an explicit subject.
吃过了。
I have eaten.
否定句 Negative sentences
中文常把“不”或“没”放在动词前。英语经常使用 do not、does not 或 did not，再接动词原形。
Mandarin commonly puts 不 or 没 before the verb. English often uses do not, does not or did not followed by the base form of the verb.
我不喜欢咖啡。
I do not like coffee.
英语词尾会变化 English word endings change
中文动词通常不会因为“谁做”或“什么时候做”而改变。英语动词常在词尾增加字母。初学时最重要的是现在时的 -s / -es 和规则过去式的 -ed。这些小词尾会告诉听者“谁做”或“事情已经发生”。
Mandarin verbs normally stay unchanged for the person or time. English often adds letters to the end of a verb. The most important beginner endings are present-tense -s / -es and regular past-tense -ed. These small endings tell the listener who does something or that it already happened.
一、现在时的 -s / -es One: present-tense -s / -es
说现在经常发生的事时，主语是 he（他）、she（她）、it（它），或者一个人、一个事物，动词通常要加 -s 或 -es。主语是 I、you、we、they 时，动词通常不加。
For things that happen regularly now, a verb normally takes -s or -es after he, she, it, one person or one thing. It normally keeps its base form after I, you, we and they.
通常加 -s Usually add -s
我每天工作。→ 她每天工作。
I work every day. → She works every day.
某些词加 -es Some verbs add -es
我们清洗花瓶。→ 他清洗花瓶。
We wash the vases. → He washes the vases.
辅音字母 + y：y 变 ies Consonant + y: change y to ies
我拿花。→ 她拿花。
I carry flowers. → She carries flowers.
二、过去式的 -ed Two: past-tense -ed
规则动词表示已经完成的过去动作时，通常加 -ed。I、you、he、she、we、they 都使用同一个过去式。句子里的 yesterday（昨天）、last night（昨晚）等时间词也会帮助你听懂这是过去。
A regular verb normally takes -ed for a completed past action. The same past form is used after I, you, he, she, we and they. Time words such as yesterday and last night also show that the action is in the past.
直接加 -ed
live → lived
已有 e，只加 -d
study → studied
辅音字母 + y：y 变 ied
stop → stopped
双写最后字母，再加 -ed
-ed → /t/
我昨天工作了。
I worked yesterday.
worked = /wɜːkt/，不是“work-ed”两个音节
-ed → /d/
她昨天玩了。
She played yesterday.
played = /pleɪd/，结尾像 d
-ed → /ɪd/
我们想喝茶。
We wanted tea.
wanted = /ˈwɒntɪd/，多一个音节
他喜欢茶。
He likes tea.
她喜欢花。
She likes flowers.
英语重音和新的口型 English stress and new mouth shapes
英语没有中文那样的词汇声调，但是有单词重音和句子重音。一个词里的某个音节会更强、更长、更清楚；一句话里的重要词也会更突出。
English does not have Mandarin-style lexical tones, but it does have word stress and sentence stress. One syllable may be stronger, longer and clearer, and important words in a sentence stand out.
这是一个礼物。（PRE-sent，名词重音在前）
This is a present.
我会介绍这个计划。（pre-SENT，动词重音在后）
I will present the plan.
英语还有一些普通话里没有的常见音，例如 th。不要只用眼睛猜发音；每次都要听，然后模仿口型。
English also has common sounds that do not occur in standard Mandarin, such as th. Do not guess pronunciation only from the spelling; listen and copy the mouth shape.
谢谢你。这朵花很漂亮。
Thank you. This flower is beautiful.
英语单词最后的声音也很重要。不要自动在词尾加一个元音。cap 最后是 /p/，cab 最后是 /b/，词尾改变会让意思改变。英语还会把几个辅音放在一起，例如 desk 和 milk。
Final sounds are also important in English. Do not automatically add a vowel after the last consonant. Cap ends in /p/ and cab ends in /b/; changing the ending changes the meaning. English can also group consonants together, as in desk and milk.
这是一顶帽子。
This is a cap.
叫一辆出租车。
Call a cab.
第一次听力练习：听、观察、模仿 First listening practice: listen, notice, copy
每组先只听，不看英文。第二次看句子，注意变化。第三次暂停后自己说一遍。
For each pair, first listen without reading the English. Listen again while reading and notice the change. Then pause and say it yourself.
- 听语调：Listen for intonation:
- 听同音词：Listen for homophones:
- 听词尾：Listen for the ending:
- 听过去时间：Listen for past time:
记住这七件事 Remember these seven ideas
- 英语用26（二十六）个字母组成单词，用空格分词，也使用大写和标点。英语字母不能按照拼音规则发音。English builds words from 26 letters, separates words with spaces, and uses capitals and punctuation. English letters must not be pronounced using Pinyin rules.
- 中文声调可以改变词义；英语语调表达句子的意思和态度。Mandarin tone can change a word; English intonation shapes sentence meaning and attitude.
- 英语的拼写和发音不是永远一一对应。English spelling and pronunciation do not always match one-to-one.
- 英语受到很多语言影响，所以有许多不规则形式。English was influenced by many languages, so it has many irregular forms.
- 两种语言常用“主语＋动词＋宾语”，但时间、疑问句、否定句、冠词和形容词的结构不同。Both often use Subject + Verb + Object, but time, questions, negatives, articles and adjectives work differently.
- 英语动词的 -s、-es 和 -ed 很小，但会告诉你是谁做、什么时候做。The small verb endings -s, -es and -ed help show who does something and when it happens.
- 学习英语要同时看、听、说，并学习完整的小句子。Learn English by seeing, hearing and speaking complete short sentences.
先听懂英语的节奏，再一点一点学习。每听懂一个句子，你就在进步。
You do not need to learn every rule at once. First become familiar with the rhythm of English, then learn one step at a time. Every sentence you understand is progress.
Jiāyóu! Keep going!